Ramon Woo từ Sargibahal, Odisha, India

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11/05/2024

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Ramon Woo Sách lại (10)

2020-01-15 19:31

Từ Điển Anh - Việt (110.000 Từ) - Tái Bản 2016 Thư viện Sách hướng dẫn

Sách được viết bởi Bởi: VIỆT FAME

Review: April 2007 A Brief Note on Anthropological Determinism Most people, I really should stress the very few people, that have actually read Todd take him to be something of an anthropological determinist. But this is not entirely true. For instance, Todd, in writing of Anglo-Saxon individualism (the Absolute Nuclear Family) says: "An egalitarian culture seeks equality between peoples. An inegalitarian culture tends to decree them superior or inferior. The absolute nuclear family is vague in its choices, a hypothesis confirmed by the history of the Anglo-Saxon world which has never aligned itself either with Russian and French universalism or with the German cult of difference. (p. 130)" After discussing two 'choices' that were made by the 'Anglo-Saxons' -by choice Todd here means that the direction taken was not anthropologically determined- Todd says: "Anglo-Saxon universalism is not a 'natural' tendency, as in France or Russia, and is not determined by a clear anthropological structure. It results from a conscious effort to recognize the equality of others. (p. 131)" The two choices Todd was speaking of (pages 130-131) are the American Civil War and the Second World War. Anthropologically speaking, or so Todd maintains, Anglo-Saxon culture had no reason to prefer either universalism or particularity. In both these cases it chose universalism. Anthropology is not destiny; but I would add that this 'freedom' comes at a price. Any course of action freely chosen can later be freely repudiated... The anthropological structure, by the way, that gives the Anglo-Saxon world such flexibility is its indifference to inheritance rules. There is neither the universal solidarity engendered by egalitarian inheritance rules nor the particularism caused by rules that foster inequality between brothers, that is, the transfer of patrimony to one son. Curiously, the only other anthropological family that displays this indifference is what Todd calls the "Anomic Family", which is centered in south-east Asia. Since this book is not readily available I include the Table of Contents (to my 1988 paperback edition): Preface to the English Edition, vii; Maps viii; Introduction: democracy and anthropology, 1; 1. The Seven Families, 19; 2. Community, 33; 3. Authority, 55; 4. The two forms of individualism, 99; 5. Endogamy, 133; 6. Asymmetry, 155; 7. Anomie, 171; 8. African Systems, 191; Conclusion, 196; Bibliography, 200; Index, 226; -------------------------------------------------- Review: September 2004 An Anthropological Explanation of Ideology? An amazing book that is, unfortunately, very difficult to find. Todd provides an anthropological definition of family structures and shows how many ideological structures have mapped, with remarkable precision, to certain family structures. There are seven definable family types, which are defined by attitudes towards spouse selection, attitudes towards symmetry in family/social (inheritance & law) relations, and attitudes towards whether married children can live at home. Spouse selection within these families can be decided by custom - usually the preference is cousins - or parents, or the two getting married are free to decide. Laws of inheritance can be egalitarian, non-egalitarian or indifferent. That is the inheritance is either divided equally between all - in practice this usually means all sons, or divided unequally - one son only receives the patrimony, or any which way you please. These family types are defined as follows: 1. Absolute Nuclear Family: a. Spouse selection: Free, but obligatory exogamy. b. Inheritance: Indifference - no precise rules, frequent use of wills. c. Family Home: no cohabitation of married children with their parents. d. Representative Nations, Peoples, Regions: Anglo-Saxon world, Holland, Denmark. e. Representative Ideology: Christianity, Capitalism, `Libertarian' Liberalism, and Feminism. 2. Egalitarian Nuclear Family: a. Spouse selection: Free, but obligatory exogamy. b. Inheritance: Egalitarian - equality between brothers. c. Family Home: no cohabitation of married children with their parents. d. Representative Nations, Regions: northern France, northern Italy, central & southern Spain, central Portugal, Greece, Romania, Poland, Latin America, Ethiopia. e. Representative Ideology: Christianity (Catholicism); the "Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite" form of Liberalism. 3. Authoritarian Family: a. Spouse selection: Parents, little or no marriage between children of brothers. b. Inheritance: Anti-Egalitarian - inequality between brothers, transfer of patrimony to one son. c. Family Home: cohabitation of the married heir with his parents. d. Representative Nations, Peoples, Regions: Germany, Austria, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, Bohemia, Scotland, Ireland, peripheral regions of France, northern (Basque) Spain, northern Portugal, Japan, Korea, Jews, Romany Gypsies. e. Representative Ideology: Fascism, various separatist and autonomous (anti-universalist) movements. 4: Exogamous Community Family: a. Spouse selection: Parents, no marriage between the children of two brothers. b. Inheritance: Egalitarian - equality between brothers. c. Family Home: cohabitation of married sons with their parents. d. Representative Nations, Regions: Russia, Yugoslavia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland, Albania, central Italy, China, Vietnam, Cuba and north India. e. Representative Ideology: Communism, Socialism. 5. Endogamous Community Family: a. Spouse selection: Custom, frequent marriage between the children of brothers. b. Inheritance: Egalitarian - equality between brothers. c. Family Home: cohabitation of married sons with their parents. d. Representative Nations, Peoples, Regions: Arab world, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan. e. Representative Ideology: Islam. 6. Asymmetrical Community Family: a. Spouse selection: Custom, prohibition on marriages between the children of brothers, but a preference for marriages between the children of brothers and sisters. b. Inheritance: Egalitarian - equality between brothers. c. Family Home: cohabitation of married sons with their parents. d. Representative Regions: southern India. e. Representative Ideology: 7: Anomic Family: a. Spouse selection: Free, but without obligatory exogamy; consanguine marriage possible and sometimes frequent. b. Inheritance: Indifference - uncertainty about equality between brothers, inheritance rules egalitarian in theory but uncertain in practice. c. Family Home: cohabitation of married children with parents rejected in theory but accepted in practice. d. Representative Nations, Peoples, Regions: e. Representative Ideology: Buddhism, Christianity, and Communism, but potentially anything. This translation dates from 1985 though it was published earlier in that decade in France. He predicts the fall of the Soviet Union because the satellite states (like Poland) and internal (Moslem) `satellite states' will prove non-absorbable. He also predicts that the USA + Islam were heading towards conflict because of, in large part, Anglo-Saxon feminism. The predictive power of this anthropological approach is also visible in the deep anti-universalism of the authoritarian family. The gypsies, for instance, refuse to be absorbed by other cultures even though they have no identifiable ideological commitments. Naturally, in this short note I cannot bring out all the insights, originality and subtlety of the text, though he does leave the impression that family structure can explain everything - it can't. ...Still, this text is well worth hunting down.

Người đọc Ramon Woo từ Sargibahal, Odisha, India

Người dùng coi những cuốn sách này là thú vị nhất trong năm 2017-2018, ban biên tập của cổng thông tin "Thư viện Sách hướng dẫn" khuyến cáo rằng tất cả các độc giả sẽ làm quen với văn học này.